Intel dual core chipset details disclosed
SOURCES FROM people close to Intel's plans showed us details of what the firm intends to do with its Glenwood and Lakeport chipsets next year at Oliver's Bar in Dublin earlier this week and at something like two o'clock in the morning.
Don't forget, Intel's Leixlip fabrication plant is based in Dublin too, and some Chipzilla folk are always up for the craic.
While Intel was preparing Her Majesty's Press for its "right hand turn" later in the week, it has already been chatting to its customers about a number of elements in Glenwood and Lakeport, which will support the chip firm's "Smithfield" SKUs.
Intel dual desktop core chips to be called x20, x30, x40
THE LONG AWAITED Intel roadmaps which specify details of its shift from the Pentium 4 to dual core processors have been shown to its OEM customers.
And it appears that when the first "Smithfield" core processors are launched in the third quarter of next year, they will be called the x20, the x30 and the x40. An x20 is a twin 1MB L2 cache processor supporting EM64T extensions and the "execute disable" bit.
Intel Dempsey ready for Blackford, Greencreek punch-up
INTEL IS pretty committed to dual core technology across all of its microprocessor range but it won't be until 2006 that we'll see the Dempsey chip and the Blackford Greencreek chipsets to support it.
And in 2006 we'll also see the Paxville and Ylsa tech, with Intel hoping to provide Twin Castle compatibility in the third quarter of 2006 - these will use 65 nanometre technology. Tulsa is slated to come in the second half of 2006, a fair way away and certainly more than 24 hours.
Blackford/Greencreek support dual cores, better power management, better storage controllers and a dual independent bus. This is a way away.
counters
Thursday, May 7, 2009
Intel Confirms Dual-Core Desktop 'Smithfield'
Intel today publicly confirmed the existence of 'Smithfield', the dual-core desktop processor it expects to ship mid-2005 and which started appearing on the company's internal roadmaps this past Summer.
However, the chip giant also acknowledged, again for the first time, that the chip may not be known as the Pentium 4. Even if that's the case, Smithfield may simply be two of today's P4s glued together in the same package, it emerged.
Steve Smith, VP for the Intel's Desktop Platforms Group, said Smithfield will initially be fabbed using Intel's 90nm process, but would migrate to 65nm in 2006.
By the end of that year, Intel expects over 70 per cent of its desktop CPU production to be dual-core chips, Smith said. That's an aggressive ramp, particularly since it's taken more than two years to get HT into 65 per cent of the desktops chips Intel will ship this year.
However, the chip giant also acknowledged, again for the first time, that the chip may not be known as the Pentium 4. Even if that's the case, Smithfield may simply be two of today's P4s glued together in the same package, it emerged.
Steve Smith, VP for the Intel's Desktop Platforms Group, said Smithfield will initially be fabbed using Intel's 90nm process, but would migrate to 65nm in 2006.
By the end of that year, Intel expects over 70 per cent of its desktop CPU production to be dual-core chips, Smith said. That's an aggressive ramp, particularly since it's taken more than two years to get HT into 65 per cent of the desktops chips Intel will ship this year.
Intel dual-core chips set to ship
A few PC makers will start selling PCs containing dual-core chips from Intel on Monday, three days ahead of the debut of the dual cores.
Dell, Alienware and a few others are preparing to take orders on Monday for PCs containing these chips, an Intel spokesman said. The companies will also be able to ship these PCs to customers. Although volumes of the Extreme Edition Pentium 4, code-named Smithfield, will initially be low, Intel will ship millions of dual-core chips by the end of the year, the spokesman said.
By the end of 2006, Intel expects that 70 percent of its server chips and 85 percent of its desktop and notebook chips will be dual core, the company has said.
Intel's pre-emptive strike will likely give it the right to claim being the first to ship dual-core x86 chips. Advanced Micro Devices is slated to release dual-core Opteron chips for servers and workstations on April 21. Hewlett-Packard, however, is currently taking preorders on dual-core Opteron servers.
Intel's dual-core chips will run at 3.2GHz, slower than existing Pentium 4s, and will have an 800MHz system bus. Each core will also have 1MB of cache, less than the 2MB of cache found on a single-core chip's computing core. Still, the overall performance will be better than existing chips, Intel says, and will allow PC users to fluidly run two applications at once.
The chip will also contain HyperThreading, which allows the processing cores to take on more simultaneous tasks. A scaled-down version of Smithfield without HyperThreading will arrive later in the quarter.
AMD, though, still has a few days to spoil the party. In 2000, Intel secretly moved up the release date of its first 1GHz chip from around June to March 8. After the news broke, AMD moved the date of its first 1GHz chip up a few months to March 6.
Intel's dual-core release will come the day before the 40th anniversary of Moore's Law, the famed observation that the number of transistors on a chip can double every two years.
Dell, Alienware and a few others are preparing to take orders on Monday for PCs containing these chips, an Intel spokesman said. The companies will also be able to ship these PCs to customers. Although volumes of the Extreme Edition Pentium 4, code-named Smithfield, will initially be low, Intel will ship millions of dual-core chips by the end of the year, the spokesman said.
By the end of 2006, Intel expects that 70 percent of its server chips and 85 percent of its desktop and notebook chips will be dual core, the company has said.
Intel's pre-emptive strike will likely give it the right to claim being the first to ship dual-core x86 chips. Advanced Micro Devices is slated to release dual-core Opteron chips for servers and workstations on April 21. Hewlett-Packard, however, is currently taking preorders on dual-core Opteron servers.
Intel's dual-core chips will run at 3.2GHz, slower than existing Pentium 4s, and will have an 800MHz system bus. Each core will also have 1MB of cache, less than the 2MB of cache found on a single-core chip's computing core. Still, the overall performance will be better than existing chips, Intel says, and will allow PC users to fluidly run two applications at once.
The chip will also contain HyperThreading, which allows the processing cores to take on more simultaneous tasks. A scaled-down version of Smithfield without HyperThreading will arrive later in the quarter.
AMD, though, still has a few days to spoil the party. In 2000, Intel secretly moved up the release date of its first 1GHz chip from around June to March 8. After the news broke, AMD moved the date of its first 1GHz chip up a few months to March 6.
Intel's dual-core release will come the day before the 40th anniversary of Moore's Law, the famed observation that the number of transistors on a chip can double every two years.
Dual-core desktops hit the market
PC makers rolled out their first dual-core processor desktop PCs on Monday as expected--and they aren't cheap.
Alienware, Dell and lesser-known maker Velocity Micro are among the first to begin taking orders on dual-core desktops. Their machines are based on Intel's Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 840 processor, the first dual-core PC processor to hit the market. The chip contains twin 3.2GHz processor cores; its companion Intel 955X Express chipset fosters faster memory and other improvements.
Dell dual core PC
The desktops, which start at about $2,300 to $3,000, are aimed at home multimedia and gaming enthusiasts who want the latest technology, as well as professionals in areas such as video editing. The chips represent Intel's latest thinking on advancing PC processors. Instead of driving rapid increases in speed, the chipmaker is now focusing on adding performance by stuffing additional processor cores into each of its chips, as well as building in new features such as virtualization, which helps carve a PC into different partitions to simultaneously tackle different jobs.
For now, dual-core chips will sit at the top of the PC pyramid, where hot-rod desktops, which cost thousands of dollars, are used for gaming, multimedia or professional applications. The dual-core machines represent a rather large jump over the sub-$1,000 desktops most consumers purchase. However, less expensive desktops will be fitted with dual-core chips over time.
While it shipped the Extreme Edition chip this month, Intel isn't the only chipmaker with dual-core plans. Rival Advanced Micro Devices is expected to unfurl its first dual-core processor, an Opteron chip for servers, later this week. Thus AMD, which will make the announcement ahead of schedule, can claim a first in offering a dual-core x86 server chip. (The term x86 refers to the architectural underpinnings of Intel and AMD PC processors.) The new dual-core Opteron is expected to spawn multiple new servers.
AMD is also expected to reveal plans to put dual-core Athlon chips for PCs on sale in June.
Alienware, Dell and lesser-known maker Velocity Micro are among the first to begin taking orders on dual-core desktops. Their machines are based on Intel's Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 840 processor, the first dual-core PC processor to hit the market. The chip contains twin 3.2GHz processor cores; its companion Intel 955X Express chipset fosters faster memory and other improvements.
Dell dual core PC
The desktops, which start at about $2,300 to $3,000, are aimed at home multimedia and gaming enthusiasts who want the latest technology, as well as professionals in areas such as video editing. The chips represent Intel's latest thinking on advancing PC processors. Instead of driving rapid increases in speed, the chipmaker is now focusing on adding performance by stuffing additional processor cores into each of its chips, as well as building in new features such as virtualization, which helps carve a PC into different partitions to simultaneously tackle different jobs.
For now, dual-core chips will sit at the top of the PC pyramid, where hot-rod desktops, which cost thousands of dollars, are used for gaming, multimedia or professional applications. The dual-core machines represent a rather large jump over the sub-$1,000 desktops most consumers purchase. However, less expensive desktops will be fitted with dual-core chips over time.
While it shipped the Extreme Edition chip this month, Intel isn't the only chipmaker with dual-core plans. Rival Advanced Micro Devices is expected to unfurl its first dual-core processor, an Opteron chip for servers, later this week. Thus AMD, which will make the announcement ahead of schedule, can claim a first in offering a dual-core x86 server chip. (The term x86 refers to the architectural underpinnings of Intel and AMD PC processors.) The new dual-core Opteron is expected to spawn multiple new servers.
AMD is also expected to reveal plans to put dual-core Athlon chips for PCs on sale in June.
AMD Delivers Dual-Core Desktop Chips
As expected in the post “AMD’s Dual Core Athlon64 X2 Debut” early this month, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) plans to launch four dual-core Athlon 64 X2 processors–the 4800+, the 4600+, the 4400+ and the 4200+ in Taiwan on Tuesday, May 31, 2005.
Seckler pointed out a very valid reason to go for Dual Core processors - It drives down the software licenses costs, because with Dual Core you can do more with less. :)
As compared to the price listed in previous Intel Pentium D processors, AMD Dual Core chips seem to have high price tag. However, Seckler said: “We are going to appeal to people who appreciate the performance benefits.” :) Anyway, just in case the company runs out of people who appreciate performance, AMD will also strive to bring down the price over the next 18 months, Seckler said too.
The debut of the dual-core chips also means the beginning of the end for the Athlon 64 line, because AMD doesn’t have immediate plans for new Athlon 64s yet. There are also no current plans to come out with a dual-core chip for the Sempron line, AMD’s budget processor.
The chips are available now, dealers in Singapore and Taiwan can already get processors to put into house-brand PCs. However, PCs won’t be expected to hit the shelves for a few weeks.
Seckler pointed out a very valid reason to go for Dual Core processors - It drives down the software licenses costs, because with Dual Core you can do more with less. :)
As compared to the price listed in previous Intel Pentium D processors, AMD Dual Core chips seem to have high price tag. However, Seckler said: “We are going to appeal to people who appreciate the performance benefits.” :) Anyway, just in case the company runs out of people who appreciate performance, AMD will also strive to bring down the price over the next 18 months, Seckler said too.
The debut of the dual-core chips also means the beginning of the end for the Athlon 64 line, because AMD doesn’t have immediate plans for new Athlon 64s yet. There are also no current plans to come out with a dual-core chip for the Sempron line, AMD’s budget processor.
The chips are available now, dealers in Singapore and Taiwan can already get processors to put into house-brand PCs. However, PCs won’t be expected to hit the shelves for a few weeks.
AMD Beats Intel In Dual Core Fight
Both AMD Dual Core Athlon X2 and Intel Dual Core Pentium EE 840 are already hit the market in previous weeks. PC World has just tested both AMD and Intel Dual Core chips and concluded the winner is clearly AMD’s new Athlon 64 X2, which handily outdistanced a dual-core Intel system they tested last month.
Don’t mix up AMD Dual Core
Opteron with Athlon X2, same goes to Intel Dual Core Pentium EE 840 with Pentium D. In PC World’s recent tests, they were testing AMD Athlon X2 and Intel Pentium EE
840, the result from the tests is an obvious one. The performance chart clearly shows that PC equipped with AMD’s Dual-Core chip beats Intel’s Dual-Core system.
Don’t mix up AMD Dual Core
Opteron with Athlon X2, same goes to Intel Dual Core Pentium EE 840 with Pentium D. In PC World’s recent tests, they were testing AMD Athlon X2 and Intel Pentium EE
840, the result from the tests is an obvious one. The performance chart clearly shows that PC equipped with AMD’s Dual-Core chip beats Intel’s Dual-Core system.
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
Programming the Cell Processor:For Games, Graphics, and Computation 1 Book Cased (Hardback)
IBM's Cell processor delivers truly stunning computational power: enough to satisfy even the most demanding gamers and graphics developers. That's why Sony chose the Cell to drive its breakthrough PlayStation 3 and why Cell processors are at the heart of today's most powerful supercomputers. But many developers have struggled to create high-performance Cell applications: the practical, coherent information they need simply hasn't existed.
Programming the Cell Processor solves that problem once and for all. Whether you're a game developer, graphics programmer, or engineer, Matthew Scarpino shows you how to create applications that leverage all the Cell's extraordinary power. Scarpino covers everything from the Cell's advanced architecture to its powerful tools and libraries, presenting realistic code examples that help you gain an increasingly deep and intuitive understanding of Cell development.
Scarpino illuminates each of the Cell's most important technical innovations, introduces the commands needed to access its power, and walks you through the entire development process, including compiling, linking, debugging, and simulating code. He also offers start-to-finish case studies for three especially important Cell applications: games, graphics, and scientific computing. The Cell platform offers unprecedented potential, and this book will help you make the most of it.
1) Mastering the Cell SDK, including the GCC-based buildchain, ppu-gdb/spu-gdb debuggers, IBM Full System Simulator, and Cell IDE
2) Understanding the Cell's central processing core, the PowerPC Processor Unit (PPU): structure, programming libraries, and AltiVec instructions
3) Programming the Synergistic Processor Unit (SPU): vector processing, communication, caching, assembler coding, and more
4) Leveraging SDK vector and matrix libraries, including the Large Matrix Library, BLAS Library, FFT libraries, Multiprecision Library, and Monte Carlo API
5) Coding basic 2D graphics using the Linux frame buffer
6) Building 3D graphics with the new Gallium OpenGL library
7) Constructing 3D games with Ogre3D and packaging them using Collada digital content interchange
8) Optimizing the performance of your Cell applications
9) Developing on standard PCs and transferring code to Cell systems such as the PlayStation 3
Programming the Cell Processor solves that problem once and for all. Whether you're a game developer, graphics programmer, or engineer, Matthew Scarpino shows you how to create applications that leverage all the Cell's extraordinary power. Scarpino covers everything from the Cell's advanced architecture to its powerful tools and libraries, presenting realistic code examples that help you gain an increasingly deep and intuitive understanding of Cell development.
Scarpino illuminates each of the Cell's most important technical innovations, introduces the commands needed to access its power, and walks you through the entire development process, including compiling, linking, debugging, and simulating code. He also offers start-to-finish case studies for three especially important Cell applications: games, graphics, and scientific computing. The Cell platform offers unprecedented potential, and this book will help you make the most of it.
1) Mastering the Cell SDK, including the GCC-based buildchain, ppu-gdb/spu-gdb debuggers, IBM Full System Simulator, and Cell IDE
2) Understanding the Cell's central processing core, the PowerPC Processor Unit (PPU): structure, programming libraries, and AltiVec instructions
3) Programming the Synergistic Processor Unit (SPU): vector processing, communication, caching, assembler coding, and more
4) Leveraging SDK vector and matrix libraries, including the Large Matrix Library, BLAS Library, FFT libraries, Multiprecision Library, and Monte Carlo API
5) Coding basic 2D graphics using the Linux frame buffer
6) Building 3D graphics with the new Gallium OpenGL library
7) Constructing 3D games with Ogre3D and packaging them using Collada digital content interchange
8) Optimizing the performance of your Cell applications
9) Developing on standard PCs and transferring code to Cell systems such as the PlayStation 3
CPU scaling in games with quad-core processorsCPU scaling in games with dual & quad core processors
Each year the topic of CPU scaling comes to mind in relation to gaming. Especially when we see new processors enter the market time after time I ask myself again; how much influence do these new model processors actually have? There have been some dramatic changes over the past couple of years though as processor manufacturers have hit a hard brick wall. That wall being the incremental increase of the clock frequency, or moreover ... the lack of it. Somehow everything stops at 3200 MHz in the processor R&D segment and for years now the fastest clocked processors never have exceeded that magic number. Surely we overclock much higher and new records have been set at 4 and with LN2 sub-zero temperature cooling reaching 5 GHz, for us 'regular' consumers we stick at that 3.2 GHz frequency border.
Apparently it's difficult to get the hundreds of millions transistors clocked higher. Therefore in an attempt to divert that fundamental issue, a couple of years ago we saw the introduction of multi-core processors. See, it's way more easy to shrink the die-size of a processor than to get it faster clocked. Shrinking die's makes more room for other stuff. Moore's Law ceased to exist and became Moores laws (e.g. multiple). Multi-threaded computing was introduced. The problem to date however is simple .. right down to the source all software was never developed with multiple processor cores in mind, and though we see some applications being supported better, the one type of application you guys like the most, games, are very much hindered by this fact. 80% of the games currently available will only use one logical CPU core at best, perhaps add another 18% that finally does support two cores, and the remaining 2% uses multiple cores, ideally. These numbers do change when you look at the games released over the past 12 months though.
None-the-less the past year has been an interesting one, we've seen a strong development in gaming with multi-core CPU's, AMD released the B3 stepping of its Phenom quad-core and triple core processors while Intel is steadily shifting towards it's Penryn based 45nm processors. Two, three, four even 8 logical processor cores is now a viable option in the consumer market. Prices for an entry level quad core processor hover at 200-300 USD in the mainstream segment. Everybody is jumping the multi-core bandwagon, but guys ... quite honestly, the most value is still to be found in the mid-range dual-core processors.
Apparently it's difficult to get the hundreds of millions transistors clocked higher. Therefore in an attempt to divert that fundamental issue, a couple of years ago we saw the introduction of multi-core processors. See, it's way more easy to shrink the die-size of a processor than to get it faster clocked. Shrinking die's makes more room for other stuff. Moore's Law ceased to exist and became Moores laws (e.g. multiple). Multi-threaded computing was introduced. The problem to date however is simple .. right down to the source all software was never developed with multiple processor cores in mind, and though we see some applications being supported better, the one type of application you guys like the most, games, are very much hindered by this fact. 80% of the games currently available will only use one logical CPU core at best, perhaps add another 18% that finally does support two cores, and the remaining 2% uses multiple cores, ideally. These numbers do change when you look at the games released over the past 12 months though.
None-the-less the past year has been an interesting one, we've seen a strong development in gaming with multi-core CPU's, AMD released the B3 stepping of its Phenom quad-core and triple core processors while Intel is steadily shifting towards it's Penryn based 45nm processors. Two, three, four even 8 logical processor cores is now a viable option in the consumer market. Prices for an entry level quad core processor hover at 200-300 USD in the mainstream segment. Everybody is jumping the multi-core bandwagon, but guys ... quite honestly, the most value is still to be found in the mid-range dual-core processors.
Friday, February 13, 2009
Intel Core 2 microprocessors
The Core 2 brand refers to Intel's x86/x86-64 microprocessors (with the eighth-generation microarchitecture, named Core architecture) targeted at the consumer and business markets (except the servers) above Pentium Dual-Core. The Core 2 Duo branch covered dual-core CPUs for both desktop and notebook computers, Core 2 Quad - quad-core CPUs for both desktop and notebook computers, and Core 2 Extreme - dual-core and quad-core CPUs for both desktop and notebook computers.
Core successor
The successor to Core is the mobile version of the Intel Core 2 line of processors using cores based upon the intel core monoarchitecture, released on july 27 2k7. The release of the mobile version of Intel Core 2 marks the reunification of Intel's desktop and mobile product lines as Core 2 processors were released for desktops and notebooks, unlike the first Intel Core CPUs that were targeted only for notebooks (although some small form factor and all-in-one desktops, like the iMAC, also used Core processors).
Unlike the Intel Core, Intel Core 2 is a 64-bit processor, supporting Intel 64. Another difference between the original Core Duo and the new Core 2 Duo is an increase in the amount of Level 2 cache. The new Core 2 Duo has doubled the amount of on-board cache to 4 MB. Both chips have a 65 nm process technology architecture and support a 667-1333 MHz front-side-bus (FSB).
Unlike the Intel Core, Intel Core 2 is a 64-bit processor, supporting Intel 64. Another difference between the original Core Duo and the new Core 2 Duo is an increase in the amount of Level 2 cache. The new Core 2 Duo has doubled the amount of on-board cache to 4 MB. Both chips have a 65 nm process technology architecture and support a 667-1333 MHz front-side-bus (FSB).
Intel Core 2
The Core 2 brand refers to a range of consumer single- and dual-core and 2x2 MCM (Multi-Chip Module) quad-core with the instruction set, based on the Intel core, derived from the 32 bit laptop processor. The 2x2 dual-die quad-cor CPU had two separate dual-core dies (CPUs)—next to each other—in one quad-core package. The Core 2 relegated the pentium to a mid end market, and reunified laptop and desktop CPU lines, which previously had been divided into the Pentium 4, D, and M brands.
The Core microarchitecture returned to lower clock rate and improved processors' usage of both available clock cycles and power compared with preceding the pentium 4. microarchitecture provides more efficient decoding stages, execution units, and buses, reducing the Core 2-branded , while increasing their processing capacity. Intel's CPUs have varied very wildly in power consumption according to clock rate, architecture and semiconductor process, shown in the tables.
The Core 2 brand was introduced on July 27, 2006,comprising the Solo (single-core), Duo (dual core and quad core, , and in 2007, the Extreme (dual- or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts) version. Intel Core 2 processors with vPro technology (designed for businesses) include the dual-core and quad-core branches.
The brand became immediately successful. The processors were introduced into Apple's popular MacBook series of notebooks, at the time Apple CEO justified the entire switch to Intel from IBM's processors by the Core 2 series' ability to provide high performance at low power consumption. The series of processors reasserted Intel's role in the processor market after a period in which began significantly encroaching on Intel's market share. The processor series became so successful that Anand Lal Shimpi coined the phrase "Conroe" as a verb to describe the releasing of a product that eclipses the competition in a previously hotly contested market
The Core microarchitecture returned to lower clock rate and improved processors' usage of both available clock cycles and power compared with preceding the pentium 4. microarchitecture provides more efficient decoding stages, execution units, and buses, reducing the Core 2-branded , while increasing their processing capacity. Intel's CPUs have varied very wildly in power consumption according to clock rate, architecture and semiconductor process, shown in the tables.
The Core 2 brand was introduced on July 27, 2006,comprising the Solo (single-core), Duo (dual core and quad core, , and in 2007, the Extreme (dual- or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts) version. Intel Core 2 processors with vPro technology (designed for businesses) include the dual-core and quad-core branches.
The brand became immediately successful. The processors were introduced into Apple's popular MacBook series of notebooks, at the time Apple CEO justified the entire switch to Intel from IBM's processors by the Core 2 series' ability to provide high performance at low power consumption. The series of processors reasserted Intel's role in the processor market after a period in which began significantly encroaching on Intel's market share. The processor series became so successful that Anand Lal Shimpi coined the phrase "Conroe" as a verb to describe the releasing of a product that eclipses the competition in a previously hotly contested market
Intel Core
The Core brand refers to intel's 32-bit mobile dual core that derived from the processors. The processor family used a more advanced version of the Intel p6. It emerged in parallel with the (Intel P68) microarchitecture of the pentium4 brand, and was a precursor of the 64k bit of Core 2 branded CPUs. The Core brand comprised two branches: the Duo (dual-core) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core, which replaced the Pentium M brand of single-core mobile processor).
The Core brand was launched on jan 5 2k6 by the release - Intel's first dual core mobile (low-power) processor. Its dual-core layout closely resembled two interconnected CPUs packaged as a single (piece) silicon chip . Hence, the 32-bit microarchitecture of Core branded CPUs - contrary to its name - had more in common with Pentium M branded CPUs than with the subsequent CPUs. Despite a major effort by intel starting January 2006, some computers with the Yonah core continued to be marked as Pentium M.
The Core Duo is also famous for being the first Intel processor to ever be used in apple computers. Core Duo signified the beginning of Apple's shift to Intel processors across their entire line.
In 2007, intel began branding the Yonah core for mainstream mobile computers as Pentium dual core. These are not to be confused with the desktop CPUs also branded as Pentium Dual-Core.
September 2006 and January 4, 2008 mark a discontinuation of many Core branded CPUs.
The Core brand was launched on jan 5 2k6 by the release - Intel's first dual core mobile (low-power) processor. Its dual-core layout closely resembled two interconnected CPUs packaged as a single (piece) silicon chip . Hence, the 32-bit microarchitecture of Core branded CPUs - contrary to its name - had more in common with Pentium M branded CPUs than with the subsequent CPUs. Despite a major effort by intel starting January 2006, some computers with the Yonah core continued to be marked as Pentium M.
The Core Duo is also famous for being the first Intel processor to ever be used in apple computers. Core Duo signified the beginning of Apple's shift to Intel processors across their entire line.
In 2007, intel began branding the Yonah core for mainstream mobile computers as Pentium dual core. These are not to be confused with the desktop CPUs also branded as Pentium Dual-Core.
September 2006 and January 4, 2008 mark a discontinuation of many Core branded CPUs.
Friday, January 30, 2009
Celeron
The Celeron brand is a range of x86 from intel at budget/value —with the motto, "delivering great quality at an exceptional value".
Celeron processors can run all , but their performance is somewhat lower when compared to similar, but higher priced, Intel CPU brands. For example, the Celeron brand will often have less memory, or have advanced features purposely disabled. These missing features have had a variable impact on performance. In some cases, the effect was significant and in other cases the differences were relatively minor. Many of the Celeron designs have achieved a very high , while at other times, the performance difference has been noticeable. For example, some intense, such as cutting edge PC GAMES, programs for , medical testing, , and scientific research), etc.may not perform as well on the Celeron family. This has been the primary justification for the higher cost of other Intel CPU brands versus the Celeron.
Introduced in April 1998, the first Celeron branded CPU was based on the pentium 2 core. Subsequent Celeron branded CPUs were based on the pentium 3, pentium 4, pentium M, and Core 2 Duo branded processors. The latest Celeron design (as of January 2008) is based on the Core 2 Duo (. This design features independent processing cores (CPUs), but with only 25% as much cache memory as the comparable Core 2 Duo offering.
Celeron processors can run all , but their performance is somewhat lower when compared to similar, but higher priced, Intel CPU brands. For example, the Celeron brand will often have less memory, or have advanced features purposely disabled. These missing features have had a variable impact on performance. In some cases, the effect was significant and in other cases the differences were relatively minor. Many of the Celeron designs have achieved a very high , while at other times, the performance difference has been noticeable. For example, some intense, such as cutting edge PC GAMES, programs for , medical testing, , and scientific research), etc.may not perform as well on the Celeron family. This has been the primary justification for the higher cost of other Intel CPU brands versus the Celeron.
Introduced in April 1998, the first Celeron branded CPU was based on the pentium 2 core. Subsequent Celeron branded CPUs were based on the pentium 3, pentium 4, pentium M, and Core 2 Duo branded processors. The latest Celeron design (as of January 2008) is based on the Core 2 Duo (. This design features independent processing cores (CPUs), but with only 25% as much cache memory as the comparable Core 2 Duo offering.
List of Intel Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors
The intel pentium dual core brand refers to mainstream x86-architecture microprocessors intel. These are based on either the 32-bit(yonah) or 64-bit cores, targeted at mobile or desktop computers respectively. A newer series of mobile Pentium Dual-Core CPUs is a half-cache Merom.
The Intel Pentium Dual-Core processors, E2140, E2160, E2180, E2200, and E2220 use the Allendale core, a stripped-down version of the Conroe core, featuring 1MiB L2 cache natively as compared to the Conroe core which features 4MiB L2 Cache natively. Intel has shifted its product lines having the Core 2 line as Mainstream/Performance, Pentium Dual-Core as Mainstream, and the new Celeron (based on the Conroe-L core) as Budget/Value. The E2xxx processors have half of their L2 cache disabled, from 2MiB to 1MiB.
The Intel Pentium Dual-Core processors, E2140, E2160, E2180, E2200, and E2220 use the Allendale core, a stripped-down version of the Conroe core, featuring 1MiB L2 cache natively as compared to the Conroe core which features 4MiB L2 Cache natively. Intel has shifted its product lines having the Core 2 line as Mainstream/Performance, Pentium Dual-Core as Mainstream, and the new Celeron (based on the Conroe-L core) as Budget/Value. The E2xxx processors have half of their L2 cache disabled, from 2MiB to 1MiB.
Intel Core
The Core brand refers to intel's 32bit mobile dualcore 86 that derived from the processors. The processor family used a more advanced version of the pentiumintel p6 monoarchitecture It emerged in parallel with the (Intel P68) microarchitecture of the pentium 4 brand, and was a precursor of the Core 2 branded CPUs. The Core brand comprised two branches: the Duo (dual-core) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core, which replaced the Pentium M brand of single-core mobile processor).
The Core brand was launched on jan 5th 2006 by the release - Intel's first mobile (low-power) processor. Its dual-core layout closely resembled two interconnected pentium branded CPUs packaged as a single (piece) silicon chip ((IC) Hence, the 32-bit microarchitecture of Core branded CPUs - contrary to its name - had more in common with Pentium M branded CPUs than with the subsequent of branded CPUs. Despite a major effort by intel starting January 2006, some computers with the Yonah core continued to be marked as Pentium M.
The Core Duo is also famous for being the first Intel processor to ever be used in Apple Macintosh computers. Core Duo signified the beginning of Apple's shift to Intel processors across their entire line.
In 2007, intel began branding the Yonah core intended for mainstream mobile computers as pentium dual-core. These are not to be confused with the desktop CPUs also branded as Pentium Dual-Core.
Intel Core 2
The Core 2 brand refers to a range of intel consumer 64 bit single- and dual-core and 2x2 (Multi-Chip Module) quad-core cpu with the x86-64 instruction set, based on the Intel , derived from the laptop processor. two interconnected cores, each similar to those branded . The 2x2 dual-die quad-core CPU had two separate dual-core dies (CPUs)—next to each other—in one quad-core package. The Core 2 relegated the brand to a , and reunified laptop and desktop CPU lines, which previously had been divided into the Pentium .
The Core microarchitecture returned to lower clock rate and improved processors' usage of both available clock cycles and power compared with preceding Core microarchitecture provides more efficient decoding stages, execution units, , and buses, reducing the Core 2-branded , while increasing their processing capacity. Intel's CPUs have varied very wildly in power consumption according to clock rate, architecture and semiconductor process, shown in the tables.
The Core 2 brand was introduced on July 27, 2006, comprising the Solo (single-core), Duo , Quad and Extreme (dual- or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts) branches, during 2007. Intel Core 2 processors with vPro technology (designed for businesses) include the dual-core and quad-core branches.
The brand became immediately successful. The processors were introduced into Apple's popular MacBook series of notebooks, at the time Apple CEO justified the entire switch to Intel from IBM's processors by the Core 2 series' ability to provide high performance at low power consumption, renaming the "PowerBook" series to MacBook to note their lowered power consumption. The series of processors reasserted Intel's role in the processor market after a period in which processors began significantly encroaching on Intel's market share. The processor series became so successful that AnandTech Senior Editor Gary Kay coined the phrase "Conroe" as a verb to describe the releasing of a product that eclipses the competition in a previously hotly contested market.
Tuesday, January 6, 2009
Multi-core
A multi-core processor (or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP) combines two or more independent cores into a single package composed of a single (IC), or more dies packaged together. A dual-core processor contains two cores, and a quad-core processor contains four cores. A multi-core microprocessor implements in a single physical package. A processor with all cores on a single die is called a monolithic processor. Cores in a multicore device may share a single coherent at the highest on-device cache level ( or may have separate caches (e.g. current dual-core processors). The processors also share the same interconnect to the rest of the system. Each "core" independently implements optimizations such as execution, and . A system with n cores is effective when it is presented with n or more . The most commercially significant (or at least the most 'obvious') multi-core processors are those used in (primarily from Intel and AMD) and game consoles (e.g., the eight-core processor in the and the three-core in the ). In this context, "multi" typically means a relatively small number of cores. However, the technology is widely used in other technology areas, especially those of as and in GUI
The amount of performance gained by the use of a multicore processor depends on the problem being solved and the algorithms used, as well as their implementation in software . For so-called problems, a dual-core processor with two cores at 2GHz may perform very nearly as quickly as a single core of 4GHz. Other problems, though, may not yield so much speedup. This all assumes, however, that the software has been designed to take advantage of available parallelism. If it hasn't, there will not be any speedup at all. However, the processor will better since it can run two programs at once, one on each core.
An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a system; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer. The operating system acts as a host for that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the . This relieves application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers, including , , and even , use an operating system of some type. Some of the oldest models may however use an embedded, that may be contained on a compact disk
Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs and users. Applications access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) . By invoking these interfaces, the application can request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the operating system with some kind of software user interface (UI) like typing commands by using (CLI) or using a (GUI, commonly pronounced Googey). For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered part of the operating system. On large multi-user systems like Unix and Unix-like systems, the user interface is generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating system. (Whether the user interface should be included as part of the operating system is a point of contention.)
Common contemporary operating systems include solaris. Microsoft Windows has a significant majority of market share in the desktop and notebook computer markets, while servers generally run on Linux or other Unix-like systems. Embedded device markets are split amongst several operating systems
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