Celeron

The Celeron brand is a range of x86 from intel at budget/value —with the motto, "delivering great quality at an exceptional value".

Celeron processors can run all , but their performance is somewhat lower when compared to similar, but higher priced, Intel CPU brands. For example, the Celeron brand will often have less memory, or have advanced features purposely disabled. These missing features have had a variable impact on performance. In some cases, the effect was significant and in other cases the differences were relatively minor. Many of the Celeron designs have achieved a very high , while at other times, the performance difference has been noticeable. For example, some intense, such as cutting edge PC GAMES, programs for , medical testing, , and scientific research), etc.may not perform as well on the Celeron family. This has been the primary justification for the higher cost of other Intel CPU brands versus the Celeron.

Introduced in April 1998, the first Celeron branded CPU was based on the pentium 2 core. Subsequent Celeron branded CPUs were based on the pentium 3, pentium 4, pentium M, and Core 2 Duo branded processors. The latest Celeron design (as of January 2008) is based on the Core 2 Duo (. This design features independent processing cores (CPUs), but with only 25% as much cache memory as the comparable Core 2 Duo offering.

List of Intel Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors

The intel pentium dual core brand refers to mainstream x86-architecture microprocessors intel. These are based on either the 32-bit(yonah) or 64-bit cores, targeted at mobile or desktop computers respectively. A newer series of mobile Pentium Dual-Core CPUs is a half-cache Merom.

The Intel Pentium Dual-Core processors, E2140, E2160, E2180, E2200, and E2220 use the Allendale core, a stripped-down version of the Conroe core, featuring 1MiB L2 cache natively as compared to the Conroe core which features 4MiB L2 Cache natively. Intel has shifted its product lines having the Core 2 line as Mainstream/Performance, Pentium Dual-Core as Mainstream, and the new Celeron (based on the Conroe-L core) as Budget/Value. The E2xxx processors have half of their L2 cache disabled, from 2MiB to 1MiB.

Intel Core

The Core brand refers to intel's 32bit mobile dualcore 86 that derived from the processors. The processor family used a more advanced version of the pentiumintel p6 monoarchitecture It emerged in parallel with the (Intel P68) microarchitecture of the pentium 4 brand, and was a precursor of the Core 2 branded CPUs. The Core brand comprised two branches: the Duo (dual-core) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core, which replaced the Pentium M brand of single-core mobile processor).

The Core brand was launched on jan 5th 2006 by the release - Intel's first mobile (low-power) processor. Its dual-core layout closely resembled two interconnected pentium branded CPUs packaged as a single (piece) silicon chip ((IC) Hence, the 32-bit microarchitecture of Core branded CPUs - contrary to its name - had more in common with Pentium M branded CPUs than with the subsequent of branded CPUs. Despite a major effort by intel starting January 2006, some computers with the Yonah core continued to be marked as Pentium M.

The Core Duo is also famous for being the first Intel processor to ever be used in Apple Macintosh computers. Core Duo signified the beginning of Apple's shift to Intel processors across their entire line.

In 2007, intel began branding the Yonah core intended for mainstream mobile computers as pentium dual-core. These are not to be confused with the desktop CPUs also branded as Pentium Dual-Core.

Intel Core 2

The Core 2 brand refers to a range of intel consumer 64 bit single- and dual-core and 2x2 (Multi-Chip Module) quad-core cpu with the x86-64 instruction set, based on the Intel , derived from the laptop processor. two interconnected cores, each similar to those branded . The 2x2 dual-die quad-core CPU had two separate dual-core dies (CPUs)—next to each other—in one quad-core package. The Core 2 relegated the brand to a , and reunified laptop and desktop CPU lines, which previously had been divided into the Pentium .

The Core microarchitecture returned to lower clock rate and improved processors' usage of both available clock cycles and power compared with preceding Core microarchitecture provides more efficient decoding stages, execution units, , and buses, reducing the Core 2-branded , while increasing their processing capacity. Intel's CPUs have varied very wildly in power consumption according to clock rate, architecture and semiconductor process, shown in the tables.

The Core 2 brand was introduced on July 27, 2006, comprising the Solo (single-core), Duo , Quad and Extreme (dual- or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts) branches, during 2007. Intel Core 2 processors with vPro technology (designed for businesses) include the dual-core and quad-core branches.

The brand became immediately successful. The processors were introduced into Apple's popular MacBook series of notebooks, at the time Apple CEO justified the entire switch to Intel from IBM's processors by the Core 2 series' ability to provide high performance at low power consumption, renaming the "PowerBook" series to MacBook to note their lowered power consumption. The series of processors reasserted Intel's role in the processor market after a period in which processors began significantly encroaching on Intel's market share. The processor series became so successful that AnandTech Senior Editor Gary Kay coined the phrase "Conroe" as a verb to describe the releasing of a product that eclipses the competition in a previously hotly contested market.

Multi-core

A multi-core processor (or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP) combines two or more independent cores into a single package composed of a single (IC), or more dies packaged together. A dual-core processor contains two cores, and a quad-core processor contains four cores. A multi-core microprocessor implements in a single physical package. A processor with all cores on a single die is called a monolithic processor. Cores in a multicore device may share a single coherent at the highest on-device cache level ( or may have separate caches (e.g. current dual-core processors). The processors also share the same interconnect to the rest of the system. Each "core" independently implements optimizations such as execution, and . A system with n cores is effective when it is presented with n or more . The most commercially significant (or at least the most 'obvious') multi-core processors are those used in (primarily from Intel and AMD) and game consoles (e.g., the eight-core processor in the and the three-core in the ). In this context, "multi" typically means a relatively small number of cores. However, the technology is widely used in other technology areas, especially those of as and in GUI

The amount of performance gained by the use of a multicore processor depends on the problem being solved and the algorithms used, as well as their implementation in software . For so-called problems, a dual-core processor with two cores at 2GHz may perform very nearly as quickly as a single core of 4GHz. Other problems, though, may not yield so much speedup. This all assumes, however, that the software has been designed to take advantage of available parallelism. If it hasn't, there will not be any speedup at all. However, the processor will better since it can run two programs at once, one on each core.

An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a system; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer. The operating system acts as a host for that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the . This relieves application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers, including , , and even , use an operating system of some type. Some of the oldest models may however use an embedded, that may be contained on a compact disk

Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs and users. Applications access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) . By invoking these interfaces, the application can request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the operating system with some kind of software user interface (UI) like typing commands by using (CLI) or using a (GUI, commonly pronounced Googey). For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered part of the operating system. On large multi-user systems like Unix and Unix-like systems, the user interface is generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating system. (Whether the user interface should be included as part of the operating system is a point of contention.)

Common contemporary operating systems include solaris. Microsoft Windows has a significant majority of market share in the desktop and notebook computer markets, while servers generally run on Linux or other Unix-like systems. Embedded device markets are split amongst several operating systems